{
  "as_of": "2026-10-06",
  "levels": {
    "direct": "Regime names this item type or a class that plainly includes it.",
    "conditional": "Applies only for some versions, uses, parties or thresholds."
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "rifle",
      "label": "Rifle (semi-automatic, civilian)",
      "group": "Small arms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "direct", "provision": "ECCN 0A506", "plain": "Export of semi-automatic rifles is a Commerce matter since March 2020.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"},
        {"regime": "gca", "level": "direct", "provision": "18 U.S.C. 921(a)(3)", "plain": "A 'firearm' under federal law: licensed dealers, background checks, serial numbers.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/921"},
        {"regime": "nfa", "level": "conditional", "provision": "26 U.S.C. 5845(a)(3)", "plain": "Becomes an NFA firearm only if the barrel is under 16 inches (short-barreled rifle).", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5845"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML1", "plain": "Arms under 20 mm are on the Munitions List.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 2(1)(h)", "plain": "Small arms are one of the eight covered categories for States Parties.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "firearms_protocol", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 10", "plain": "Import, export and transit licensing duties for States Parties.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-c&chapter=18&clang=_en"},
        {"regime": "un_salw", "level": "direct", "provision": "UN PoA / ITI", "plain": "Political commitments on SALW controls, marking and tracing.", "url": "https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRIYB19c09sIII.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_firearms", "level": "direct", "provision": "Directive 2021/555; Reg. 258/2012 (Reg. 2025/41 from 12 Feb 2029)", "plain": "In the EU: acquisition and possession rules, and civilian export/import licensing.", "url": "https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/organised-crime/trafficking-firearms_en"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "autofire",
      "label": "Fully automatic firearm (machinegun)",
      "group": "Small arms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. I(b)", "plain": "Stayed on the USML after 2020; export needs a State Department licence.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "nfa", "level": "direct", "provision": "26 U.S.C. 5845(b)", "plain": "Machineguns, their receivers and conversion parts are NFA firearms.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5845"},
        {"regime": "gca", "level": "direct", "provision": "18 U.S.C. 922(o)", "plain": "Civilian transfer or possession banned except pre-ban registered guns.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/922"},
        {"regime": "aeca", "level": "direct", "provision": "22 U.S.C. 2778", "plain": "Statutory basis for the export licence and criminal penalties.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2778"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML1", "plain": "Automatic weapons under 20 mm are listed.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 2(1)(h)", "plain": "Small arms and light weapons.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "un_salw", "level": "direct", "provision": "UN PoA / ITI", "plain": "SALW commitments.", "url": "https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRIYB19c09sIII.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "conditional", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military-grade exports from EU states are assessed against the Common Position criteria.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ammo",
      "label": "Ammunition",
      "group": "Small arms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ECCN 0A505", "plain": "Most commercial small-arms ammunition is on the CCL.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "USML Cat. III(a)", "plain": "Military types stay on the USML, e.g. linked or belted ammunition and caseless ammunition.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML3", "plain": "Ammunition is on the Munitions List.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 3", "plain": "Parties must control exports of ammunition fired by covered arms.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "firearms_protocol", "level": "direct", "provision": "Protocol title and Art. 10", "plain": "Covers ammunition alongside firearms and parts.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-c&chapter=18&clang=_en"},
        {"regime": "eu_firearms", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Reg. 258/2012 (Reg. 2025/41 from 12 Feb 2029)", "plain": "Civilian ammunition export and import in the EU.", "url": "https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/organised-crime/trafficking-firearms_en"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "suppressor",
      "label": "Suppressor (silencer)",
      "group": "Small arms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. I(e)", "plain": "Silencers, mufflers and sound suppressors remain on the USML.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "nfa", "level": "direct", "provision": "26 U.S.C. 5845(a)(7); 5811", "plain": "An NFA firearm: registration required. Transfer tax is $0 from 2026 under the 2025 amendment.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5811"},
        {"regime": "gca", "level": "direct", "provision": "18 U.S.C. 921(a)(3)", "plain": "The GCA 'firearm' definition expressly includes any firearm muffler or silencer.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/921"},
        {"regime": "aeca", "level": "direct", "provision": "22 U.S.C. 2778", "plain": "Export licensing authority.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2778"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "printfiles",
      "label": "Firearm 3D-print / CNC files",
      "group": "Information",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "direct", "provision": "15 CFR 734.7(c); ECCNs 0D501, 0E501", "plain": "Files for producing CCL firearms that are posted online ready for a 3D printer or CNC machine stay subject to the EAR even though public.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/section-734.7"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "USML Cat. I(i); 22 CFR 120.33", "plain": "Technical data for items still on the USML (e.g. automatic firearms, suppressors) is ITAR-controlled.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-120.33"},
        {"regime": "atf_fr", "level": "conditional", "provision": "27 CFR 478.12", "plain": "Governs the physical frame or receiver once made, not the file itself.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/section-478.12"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ML22", "plain": "Production technology is controlled unless in the public domain; national rules differ.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "partskit",
      "label": "Unfinished frame or receiver / parts kit",
      "group": "Small arms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "atf_fr", "level": "direct", "provision": "27 CFR 478.11-478.12", "plain": "Kits and partial frames that can readily become working guns are treated as firearms; upheld on its face in 2025, challenged again in 2026.", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/23-852_o7jp.pdf"},
        {"regime": "gca", "level": "direct", "provision": "18 U.S.C. 921(a)(3)", "plain": "The statutory definition the ATF rule interprets.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/921"},
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ECCNs 0A501, 0A509", "plain": "Export controls reach parts and components of CCL firearms.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "smalldrone",
      "label": "Small commercial drone (under 55 lb)",
      "group": "Unmanned systems",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "faa_uas", "level": "direct", "provision": "14 CFR part 107; § 363", "plain": "Civil operating rules; arming it with a dangerous weapon is barred without FAA authorization (civil penalty up to $25,000).", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/44802"},
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ECCN 9A012", "plain": "Export control depends on design for flight beyond line of sight and other parameters.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"},
        {"regime": "eu_dualuse", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Annex I", "plain": "EU dual-use list may apply depending on specifications.", "url": "https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/help-exporters-and-importers/exporting-dual-use-items_en"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bigdrone",
      "label": "Military UAS, 300 km+ range",
      "group": "Unmanned systems",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "mtcr", "level": "direct", "provision": "Category I or II", "plain": "Category I if it can carry 500 kg to 300 km (strong presumption of denial); Category II for other 300 km systems.", "url": "https://www.mtcr.info/en/mtcr-guidelines/guidelines-for-transfer"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. VIII(a)", "plain": "Military UAVs; marked 'MT' where range is 300 km or more.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "aeca", "level": "direct", "provision": "22 U.S.C. 2778", "plain": "Export licensing authority.", "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2778"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML10", "plain": "Military aircraft and UAVs.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Art. 2(1)(d), (g)", "plain": "Combat aircraft or missile categories may cover armed UAS; scope depends on national definitions (analysis).", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "direct", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "EU states assess exports against the Common Position criteria.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"},
        {"regime": "dodd3000", "level": "conditional", "provision": "DoDD 3000.09", "plain": "Applies to US DoD if the system is armed and has autonomous target selection functions.", "url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF11150.html"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "loitering",
      "label": "Loitering munition",
      "group": "Unmanned systems",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "USML Cat. IV or VIII", "plain": "No USML entry uses the term; classification turns on specifications (missile, munition or UAV).", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "mtcr", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Category I / II", "plain": "Only if range reaches 300 km.", "url": "https://www.mtcr.info/en/mtcr-guidelines"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ML4 / ML10", "plain": "No ML entry uses the term; falls under munitions or UAV entries.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Art. 2(1)(g)", "plain": "Possibly 'missiles and missile launchers'; depends on national definitions (analysis).", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "dodd3000", "level": "conditional", "provision": "DoDD 3000.09", "plain": "US DoD review applies where the weapon selects and engages targets autonomously.", "url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF11150.html"},
        {"regime": "ccw", "level": "conditional", "provision": "GGE on LAWS", "plain": "Part of the autonomy debate when target selection is autonomous; no binding rule yet.", "url": "https://opiniojuris.org/2026/10/05/symposium-on-the-ccw-gge-laws-the-end-of-the-beginning-an-introduction/"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "direct", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military export assessment in EU states.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nightvision",
      "label": "Night-vision device",
      "group": "Sensors and software",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "USML Cat. XII(c), (e)", "plain": "Military imaging systems and second-generation-or-better image intensifier tubes specially designed for defense articles.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ECCNs 6A003, 0A504", "plain": "Commercial cameras and firearm optical sights not on the USML.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ML15; Dual-Use List", "plain": "Military imaging on the ML; others on the dual-use list.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/control-lists/"},
        {"regime": "eu_dualuse", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Annex I", "plain": "Dual-use imaging items in the EU.", "url": "https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/help-exporters-and-importers/exporting-dual-use-items_en"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "armored",
      "label": "Armored vehicle",
      "group": "Platforms",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. VII(a), (e)", "plain": "Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and armored support vehicles.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "ECCN 0A606", "plain": "Military ground vehicles not on the USML.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/part-774"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 2(1)(a)-(b)", "plain": "Battle tanks and armoured combat vehicles.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML6", "plain": "Ground vehicles.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "direct", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military export assessment in EU states.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "landmine",
      "label": "Landmine",
      "group": "Munitions",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "ottawa", "level": "direct", "provision": "Convention as a whole", "plain": "Anti-personnel mines banned for parties; five states left in 2025-26, and Ukraine notified a suspension from 17 Jul 2025 (UNODA record; UNTC records no withdrawal).", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-5&chapter=26&clang=_en"},
        {"regime": "ccw", "level": "direct", "provision": "Amended Protocol II", "plain": "Use restrictions on mines, booby-traps and other devices.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=26&subid=A&clang=_en"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. IV(a)(9)", "plain": "Anti-personnel, anti-vehicle and anti-armor land mines.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML4", "plain": "Explosive devices.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "direct", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military export assessment in EU states.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cluster",
      "label": "Cluster munition",
      "group": "Munitions",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "ccm", "level": "direct", "provision": "Art. 1(1)", "plain": "Banned for parties; Lithuania left in 2025.", "url": "https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/ccm-2008/article-1"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. III / IV", "plain": "Bombs and ordnance categories; exact entry depends on delivery system.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "ccw", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Protocol V", "plain": "Explosive remnants of war duties after conflict.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=26&subid=A&clang=_en"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML3 / ML4", "plain": "Ammunition and bombs.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "att", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Art. 3", "plain": "As munitions fired by covered artillery, aircraft or launchers.", "url": "https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2013/04/20130410%2012-01%20PM/Ch_XXVI_08.pdf"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "direct", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military export assessment in EU states.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "firecontrol",
      "label": "Fire-control or targeting software",
      "group": "Sensors and software",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "USML Cat. XII(a); 22 CFR 120.33(a)(4)", "plain": "Fire control systems are listed; software directly related to defense articles is technical data.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-120.33"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "USML Cat. I(c), I(h)(4)", "plain": "Firearms integrating fire control or automatic targeting, and auto-aim accessories.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML5, ML21", "plain": "Fire control equipment and related software.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "dodd3000", "level": "conditional", "provision": "DoDD 3000.09", "plain": "If the software enables autonomous target selection in a DoD weapon system.", "url": "https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF11150.html"},
        {"regime": "eu_cp", "level": "conditional", "provision": "EU Common Military List", "plain": "Military software exports from EU states.", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/1560"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "manual",
      "label": "Technical manual or technical data",
      "group": "Information",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "direct", "provision": "22 CFR 120.33-120.34", "plain": "Controlled if required to build, operate or repair a USML item, unless public domain or general principles taught in schools.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-120.33"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "22 CFR 120.32", "plain": "Helping a foreign person use or repair a defense article can be a 'defense service'.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-120.32"},
        {"regime": "ear", "level": "conditional", "provision": "0E501 etc.; 15 CFR 734.7", "plain": "Technology for CCL items is controlled unless 'published' (with the firearm-file exception).", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-15/section-734.7"},
        {"regime": "wassenaar", "level": "direct", "provision": "ML22", "plain": "Technology for ML items; public-domain technology excluded.", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/app/uploads/2026/01/Stand-alone-Munitions-List-2025-Corr.pdf"},
        {"regime": "mtcr", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Annex technology", "plain": "Technology for listed missile and UAV items.", "url": "https://www.mtcr.info/en/mtcr-guidelines"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "autonomous",
      "label": "Autonomous weapon system",
      "group": "Unmanned systems",
      "applies": [
        {"regime": "dodd3000", "level": "direct", "provision": "DoDD 3000.09", "plain": "US DoD policy: appropriate human judgment, senior review; revision ordered June 2026.", "url": "https://defensescoop.com/2026/06/15/lawmaker-questions-pentagons-plan-to-revise-autonomous-weapons-policy/"},
        {"regime": "ccw", "level": "direct", "provision": "GGE on LAWS", "plain": "Consensus report with elements of an instrument, Sept 2026; nothing binding yet.", "url": "https://opiniojuris.org/2026/10/05/symposium-on-the-ccw-gge-laws-the-end-of-the-beginning-an-introduction/"},
        {"regime": "unga_laws", "level": "direct", "provision": "A/RES/78/241, 79/62, 80/57", "plain": "Non-binding resolutions urging progress toward an instrument.", "url": "https://un-project.org/votes/resolution/A-RES-80-57/"},
        {"regime": "itar", "level": "conditional", "provision": "Relevant USML category", "plain": "Export control follows the platform (e.g. Cat. IV, VII, VIII), not autonomy as such.", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-121.1"}
      ]
    }
  ]
}